The opposite occurs whenever the power demand is more than the output of the PV system. The bi-directional interface or features introduced into the system allows the power generated by the PV panels to supply the loads directly connected to the AC bus system and sends the excess power to the grid whenever the power output of the PV system is more than the power required by the consumers. A bi-directional interface is made between the PV system and the utility power output with the application of an inverter. The grid-connected PV systems consist of the bi-directional inverter, PV panels, battery system, smart meter, direct current (DC) bus system, and alternating current (AC) bus, as shown in Fig. The grid-connected PV systems are designed by the utilities and consumers to operate in conjunction with other DERs and the utility grid based on some benefits.
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